Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes

The reason for Melanie’s case could be due to the pathophysiology associated with the diseases. Pathophysiology refers to various process and activities that take place within the body of a human being resulting in the symptoms that pertain to a particular disease. In the case, of diabetes type 2 mellitus various processes lead to its occurrence. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is termed to be a heterogeneous syndrome with multiple characteristics such as abnormalities in carbohydrates as well as fat metabolism (Morris et al. The primary cause of type 2 diabetes is multifactorial which includes both environmental and genetic factors that interfere with the beta cell function as well as tissues sensitivity. The presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with various complications that can either be long term or short term.

Some of the short-term complications of T2DM include hypoglycemia which refers to reduced blood sugar. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic Nonketonic syndrome is the second complication that arises from T2DM. This condition is when the blood glucose level is too high that it can cause death if not treated. The long-term complications that are associated with T2DM are the microvascular complications. Blood sugar monitoring is the other option whereby the patients have to undergo insulin therapy so that the blood sugar can be controlled. Difference between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes can be diagnosed into different types which are T2DM and T1DM. According to Green, Bethel, & Armstrong (2015), these two types of diabetes have various factors that differentiate one from the other.

The first difference is that T2DM occurs beyond the age of 40 while the T1DM occurs at any age. Secondly, in T2DM the pancreas produces more insulin while in T1DM there is not production of insulin. Also, the combination of medication, physical activity, and dietary discretion will help in controlling the blood glucose level. Therefore, when insulin, food, and exercises are not correctly balanced, the blood sugar level will go down. Since Melanie had been diagnosed with diabetes, the lack of taking insulin could have led to an increased blood glucose level. The second factor that can affect the blood glucose level is carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are food that gives individuals energy. Some of the significant complications associated with the use of cortisone injections are thinning of skins as well as soft tissues around the area where the injection was administered.

Nerve damage, joint infection, temporary increase in blood sugar, the death of nearby bone and whitening or lightening of the skin on the areas that surround the injection site are other effects that could occur. The nursing consideration that related to the case of Melanie is that after she has undergone surgery, she should be taken care of by the nurses. The nurses should help her to take medicine so that she can heal from the surgery process. Since she had been diagnosed with diabetes, Melanie was given metformin and glipizide which are used to control her diabetic condition. Individuals who are under medication require adequate care so that they can be able to manage the situation. According to the case of Melanie, several nursing considerations ought to be observed.

The first nursing consideration is introducing insulin to the body. The patients should be provided with the insulin to inject into their body so that the blood sugar level can be controlled. The second consideration is proper diet. Therefore, the central aspect that led to the change in the blood results was as a result of not using the medication. When the doctor advised her to watch what she eats, did not adequately help in managing the situation. The doctor would have prescribed Melanie to take medications and observe a healthy diet. This approach would go a great extent in ensuring that the insulin levels in the body are controlled. Therefore, Melanie would have the required level of blood sugar during the second test.

This method entails confirming whether the patients understand what she was being taught. Teach-back method involves who is supposed to use the technique, what should patients teach back, when is it appropriate to ask for teach back, why is it important and how patients should be able to explain information that pertains to the feedback (Tamura-Lis, 2013). In using this method, it would be advisable for Melanie to use the BGL machine to gain information about her treatment as early as the condition is detected to understand her medical information. References Codario, R. A. https://doi. org/10. 2337/dcS15-3023. Green, J. B. M. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.  New England Journal of Medicine, 373(3), 232-242. Doi: 10. 1056/NEJMoa1501352. Association of vitamin D with insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes.