Evolution of management

Moreover, there has been a huge emergence of more flexible management models in various industries as a result of the recent rapid wave of revolution in industrial technologies (Pfeffer, 2013). With newer organizational paradigms unfolding each day, this paper acknowledges that there is a need for more detailed researches on the multi-national and cross-cultural spheres of management. The main area in management that has notably undergone tremendous evolution is the management of human resources. These changes began when masses started working mostly in factories due to an increase in production and changes in work techniques. In recent years, there is a shift towards a more balanced predominance which enables the human resources to give more attention to the cultural differences in the workforce (Hamel, 2008).

Moreover, most publications have shied away from discussing the various philosophies and thoughts on management in continents such as Africa and Asia. Early philosophers in management sought on how to manufacture more competitive commodities that would generate more profits. More notable, Adam Smith (1790) is believed to have helped in the pioneering of labor management that advocated for approaches such specialization. Adam Smith is also thought to have established the concept of labor division in order to increase work efficiency and enhancement of the work executed. According to Smith, all individual work hard in order to create more wealth; dividing labor into small tasks would increase production; the free market was the most conducive environment to generate more wealth, and the introduction of property rights would have helped in the development of the free market.

Scientific management, which becomes dominant during the dawn of 1900 to its half, has been discussed by many articles including but not limited to researches by Nelson (1980); Kanigel (2005); Aitken (1960); Wren (2005); Burns et al. , (2014), and et cetera. Hassard (2012) amongst many other studies discussed the relationship between the scientific model and the human resource models. However, most of the studies observed from Prusak (1997); Prusak & Wilson, and Scarbrough & Swan (2001) have focused more on knowledge management as a possible substitute (Pfeffer, 2013). However, as Chandler (1990) contended, technology has played a big role in the process of shaping all the aspects surrounding management. Therefore, most companies have preferably made their employees the management cornerstone and abolished upward management structures (Kubíček et al. The management strategies in the 21st century have focused more on creating a suitable environment for its operations alongside employing the technical-rational strategy (Belás et al.

In this management approach, the firms create a functional design that facilitates the generation of a substantial output from a defined input (Strielkowski et al. It is expected that the structures of management will continue to evolve and assume a more sophisticated form in order to accommodate the dynamic global and local environments. Most changes the past occurred at a relatively steady rate. , Vojtovič, S. , & Sobeková-Májková, M. The approach of SME entrepreneurs to financial risk management in relation to gender and level of education. economics and sociology. http://publikace. org/doi/abs/10. 5465/amr. 34421969 Hamel, G. The future of management.  Human Resource Management International Digest, 16(6). co. ke/books Kubicek, A. , Stamfestova, P. , & Strouhal, J. Cross-Country Analysis of Corporate Governance Codes in the European Union.