Factors Influencing Implantation of Enterprise Architecture

As a result of the need to secure involving approaches for understanding and documenting the plans of those sectors such as organization’s plans to adjust on the current Information and Technology. There are a number of methods used in designing EA which covers widely visionary enterprise, broad Information Systems ( IS) plan in co-operating all elements of the organization's Information and Technological needs i. e. procedures, hardware, IT infrastructure and software to one limited in the framework and linked to a particular domain and application of IS. The outcome of this attempt, an Enterprise Architecture Plan (EAP), describes the plan, vision, and mission and links its strategic business plan with its IT The existing process of Enterprise Architecture Framework (EAF) is based mainly on the application of culture, enterprises of the policies, behavioral patterns and epistemological characteristics.

According to Eisenhardt (1985), the organizational theory is efficiency oriented, rational, information-based, majors on determinant self-control strategy and the difference between the two kinds of performance evaluation control: result based and behavior based. The occurrence of organizational change is constant; to remain at a standstill and set in familiar when other competitors change strategy at each time is to set threats to the future of the organization. The goal is to be determined and executes substitute strategies of operation that align processes while enhancing staff keeping the culture of the company constant. Since future and small business is always vulnerable to economic depression as compared to the big corporations, those employees need more from the companies they work for to keep the status quo.

Scaling down, shifting responsibilities and also adjusting operational course results to organizations turning to a more prone to execute downsized version to get more profits by minimizing expenditures. Warner, Litwin, et al. September 1992). The presence of different changes happening within upcoming and surrounds of small businesses such as downshift, employees get confused and find themselves in a very disintegrated and complicated situation in case the changes threaten them. Kline with his career and specialist as psychologist graduated from a recognized university introduced a new perspective in solving organizational change by making the style of transition smooth and hurtles. Accepting new approach makes people move out of the positions and leads to anxiety. In the Lewin's three stages of change, which is the most powerful model in driving organizational change, touches on unfreezing concept, refreezing and changing? These elements modify human attitudes and behaviors and keep the slight balance existing between human ego and effecting change.

Schein in the article of 1995 "Systems Practice", presented Lewin's theory as the need to unfreeze the of handling some strategies or functions, step up to the modern style of finishing the given task and then freeze-this new school of thought into place. According to Burke Litwin, environmental factors are the primary attributes of a change. In most case, the external factors influence change within an organization. The crucial characteristics of the success of an organization such as mission, goals, vision, and leadership and organizational culture are affected by external emerging factors in an organization (Burke, W. September 1992). Mission and strategy The purpose of an organization describes the reasons for the existing of an organization. It is the basis that holds all the activities within an organization.

The strategy articulates how an organization with achieving the stipulated goals and the mission. In most cases, the strategy is developed basing on the existing environmental change factors, and will directly affect the activities the organization intends to carry out. Managers should ensure the people in an organization develop the culture of action, not rhetorical activities which may not positively impact the organization (Raouf. K. 2 Top Management Support and Commitment Top management(TM) is a set of individuals at the topmost of an organization who is in charge of the daily running of the organization. The TM makes decisions on behalf of the organization. TM is also significant in determining the achievement and outcomes of an organization. N. B & Matt. L.

January 2017). The level of commitment is also crucial in creating more and sufficient resources for the organization. Thus there is the need for the TM to be more committed and ensure proper communication flow in the EA. The failure of the organization and identify innovation may reflect TM's lack of sufficient knowledge and required skills (Hawa. A et al. The leadership of top management, sponsorship, commitment and involvement are the significant factors identified by most of the researchers in both the EA field and related fields. Commitment must not be a short time, but instead, long term and strong leadership act as a motivation to the rest of the employees who are motivated to participate. Also, politics play a significant role in the acceptance of architecture and IT project success.

The research also identifies that silo thinking and strict profit responsibility may hinder the Enterprise Architecture success if departments in an organization work by isolation. This may include not freely sharing and interacting with other sister departments, focusing only on the object of the department (Dinh. D. & Samuli. February 2011). Though the application of the term Architecture has been used in the corporate information systems for an extended period, it has been so limited, and EA has placed in a way that it covers all the enterprise units. EA could mean all the resources of IT and its architecture. EA can be related to the role of city planning which has a vision of making a city look great with culture and health on a long term basis.

City planning entails creating vision and infrastructure zoning of the town (Aier S. , Gleichauf. B. , & Winter R. February 2011). IT Architecture refers to the elements of IT systems. The understandings of IT Architecture not only help the IT people but also non IT, individuals, to proficiently and effectively communicate with each other (Dankova. P. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) has phases, and the first is known as project identification and selection. This first phase is where the most crucial projects are selected and ranked. The chosen projects are further subjected to in-depth analysis and investigations to assess the cost implications and the cost benefit to the organization (Aier S. Enterprise-Wide Technical Architecture- which is also referred to as Enterprise Architecture that describes the technical elements and even infrastructural elements of EA Business Architecture- refers to different strategic plans for IT and business resources.

It usually is applied in high-level planning. All the above components have a common word in them which is the term ‘Architecture'. In this context, the term Architecture can be referred to as various common definitions and constraints that are thought to affect the future application development and operation's cost, risk reduction or time. Architecture concept is used for specific components of the infrastructure of the organization or incorporated all together, including the whole enterprise. The best-recognized tool is the governance. IT is significantly essential to maximize the work of the entity. Enterprise Architecture comprises of four types of standards that include: Evaluation criteria, principle, standard and the management of Architecture process (Shaw. M. April 2007). R. , Mohd N. M. , Bita. R.

The board is also in charge of checking technological changes and business environment annually. The board also makes decisions on behalf of the organization and makes direct reporting to authorities (Shaw. M. April 2007). The sample of Architecture management process is as shown in the diagram below. Figure 1 also shows that ideas in line with the central point for Inexperience some transformation. The initial parts on the EA introduction, EA is regarded as similar and equal to technological architecture (Aier S. , Gleichauf. B. , & Winter R. Typically, EA designs three types of governance form: alignment process, decision-making framework, and formal communications. The alignment processes are strategies for getting efficient and widespread inclusion in governance resolutions and their execution. This entails the method the funding model is arranged.

Decision-making rights might be controlled and determined by laws. Organizations might take up enterprise architectures on voluntary grounds. Jeongsoo. L. & Kwangsoo. K. The Denmark white paper was published by Coordinating Information Committee in all public sectors with all levels of government represented. The adoption of best practices majorly motivates the EA. The decentralized governance motivated by incentives is as well clear that only metropolis regarding their EA planning strategies as entirely self-governing of other municipalities. Their considerably small size hinders their human and financial resources to take on and apply ICT effectively, and thus there are limited ICT systems and structures that have been developed my metropolis themselves (Marijin. J. Netherland as a case study, it was leading in the areas of e-government at the start of this century, and even though there are various innovative projects, the existing e-government has limited ambitions.

The best idea is to stimulate various heterogeneous and related projects at the county level. After a given period, the project may become, and associated initiatives are not anymore accepted, and the project outcomes became part of NEA and distributed as the proper practice. The main idea is to agnate excite many varied and related projects at the decentralized level. After a given period, a plan may succeed, and as similar projects may not be any more needed, the project outcomes became part of NEA and disseminated as a best practice (Marijn. J. , Rudiger. B. (February 2018). There is the absence of general coordination which leads to certain interviewees pointing that at times they are overloaded by so many initiatives and have no idea on the independence among all programs.

According to Marijn. A. B, naziri. K. & Harihodins. S. Before the development of IGoVEA, individual agencies have created their style of implementing EA in their respective agency (Azalia N. A. B, naziri. K. & Harihodins. EA will also enhance response times for all e-government ICT system and solutions to create a holistic understanding of the services of e-Government as a single shop, and all provide an opportunity for citizens to have open interaction with government officials and help the government by minimizing bureaucracy and streamline the services the government offers (Worapat. P. & Chavanit. S. (Octomber 2017). & Harihodins. S. ( June 2016) 2. 6 Successful Implementation of Enterprise Architecture Enterprise Architecture gives the blueprint for analytically describing the desired architecture, by basing on the implementation process and deployment.

Enterprise Architecture has a particular role in developing Information Systems (ISs), generating a new system and add current technologies to reach the enterprise objective optimize. However, these enterprises should get used to such changes efficiently. The implementation of EA gives specific business benefits, for instance, good IT operations, risk presumption, high innovation rate and cover the gap that exists between the IT and business (Darmawan. N. & Indra D. S. , Nikfard. P. et al. , September 2013). IT also entails efficient evaluation that could raise the process of learning to improve the practice of architecture. T. January 2006). EA is related to the mechanism for agility, fulfillment, reliability, and success for not only business but also processes of IT. Currently, enterprises encounter challenges in the execution of EA which leads to redefining certain processes due to lack of ineffective familiarity of some CSFs.

Alier and Aschelp suggested factors for successful implementation of Enterprise Architecture which include the following: Factor Group Individual factor Contextual factors Company size/architecture Budget Culture Market orientation Strategic alignment Economic pressure Structure architecture skills Governance Visibility of EA outside EA department Architectural power Coverage Tools Process processes and EA rules Project support Impact in projects EA over time EA marketing Training of architects Training of non architects Figure 2. Thus, the importance of EA is undebatable due to its significance in the provision and adaptation to business processes. Implementation of new policies has an impact to business environment thus business architecture such as EA is so essential (Gampfer. F. , Jurgens. A. B. , & Winter R. (February 2011) Understanding Enterprise Architecture Design- An Empirical Analysis.

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