FLOW CHARACTERISTIC AND RHEOLOGY OF SELF COMPACTING GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

…………………………………………………………………………………………3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN 3 Document Register 4 Research Register 4 PROBLEM DEFINITIONS AND STUDY 5 Mix Design of Self Compacting Concrete 5 Comparison between Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Self Compacting Concrete 6 STUDIES & METHODOLOGIES 7 Flow Measurement of Self-Compacting Concrete 7 Slump Flow Test 7 U-Box Test 8 Comparison between Geopolymer Concrete and Ordinary Portland Cement 9 Compressive Strength 10 Density 10 Porosity 10 Use of Sodium Hydroxide and all other chemicals in Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete 11 The Reaction of Using Activator Chemicals in Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete 11 Waters Effects on the Geopolymer Concrete 12 Conclusion 12 APPENDICES 13 Appendix A – Gantt Chart 13 Appendix B – Thesis Checklist 13 Appendix C – Document Register 14 Appendix D – Research Register 14 INTRODUCTION As a major aspect of my degree Bachelor of Civil Engineering, I am required to finish a last thesis project, which goes about as a capstone to my scholarly advancement and helps me change from an undergraduate student to an engineer.

I have built up a project management plan to complete this thesis. The reason for this project plan is to build up a thorough and figured management process with sufficient preparation and resourcing to expand the nature of the thesis at the time of completion. This project plan comprises of: • Project Plan Scope • Preparation and Milestones • QA Quality Assurance • Hazard/Risk Management Plan • Communication Management Plan Thesis work is divided into two different stages: First Stage – 41029 Engineering Research Preparations – Autumn 2018 Second Stage – 41030 Engineering Capstone – Summer 2018 Stage 1 includes of initial research, which will consist detailing of the research project to deliver a last research proposition. Stage 2 principally comprises of proposal plan, look into gathering, trial demonstrating, experimental modelling and composing. This statement will give a concise degree description on the research topic.

Constrains and exclusions will be identified, and any reasonable assumptions made will be reflected on the final report. The purpose of this thesis is to study the different flow characteristics of the Geopolymer concrete and to showcase its benefits in the construction industries, where it emits zero carbon dioxide and reduces the waste in comparison to the ordinary Portland cement and concrete. Its self-compacting factor is a huge contribution to engineering world as it reduces the cost of labor. For a larger area where a concrete has to be poured, this self-compacting factor plays a big role by saving time, money and by improvising the quality of the product. Uncertainties Overseeing vulnerabilities and factors will guarantee that a project runs easily, and potential risks are eliminated out before they progress toward becoming an issue.

I have created controls to oversee uncertainties: - Keeping in normal contact with my supervisor to ensure uncertainties are limited and cleared - Regular refreshing of registers to ensure up to date controls are set up - Keeping in touch with supervisor and contacting correct subject staff for any inquiries Along these lines, uncertainties and risk factors will be overseen and controlled as much as achievable Risks To limit risk and to confirm a satisfactory risks reduction method are introduced, the following measures should be in place: - Risk Identification, Through a SWOT Analysis - Risk Assessment, Through Risk Matrix - Thesis Checklist, See Appendix A - Adequate Risk reaction arranging These controls are set up or will be set up as required.

As I am at present in Stage 1 – the controls, for example, a SWOT Analysis and a Risk Matrix will be used before Stage 2 initiating. Thesis Checklist and Timeline In the starter phases of the thesis planning, I have detailed a thesis checklist and timetable of critical undertakings and occasions that will guarantee the ideal procedure of the project. The thesis checklist has been assembled with the utilization of the Subject Outline given by the university (UTS), discussion with my supervisor and the Capstone Student of UTS. Research Register A research register is fundamentally an arrangement of research which includes: • Academic diaries • Technical papers • Tables, Graphs and visual guides • Any essential research embraced The research goes about as a hotspot for data and will help in the literature review process, composing the experimental test, and writing of technical paper.

It will likewise frame the premise of the references segment for the thesis. I have included the document register and the research register to keep a perfect and streamlined register management process by which the important report or diary can be sourced in a split second. This will help in project management and will advance in time management. An up to date research register for this thesis project is showcased in Appendix D. Ozawa contributed immensely to the construction industry by developing the Self Compacting Concrete (Basheerudeen & Anandan, 2015). The new concrete has been significant in overcoming some of the shortcomings associated with the conventional one. Introduction of Self Compacting Concrete helped to address the following challenges; pumpablity, compaction, low abilities among construction site workers, the nature of structural parts, resistance of separation, and difficulties of reinforcement.

Durability is the main characteristic that makes it the most attractive type of concrete. Although it was first created in Japan, various studies on the Self Compacting Concrete have been documented globally (Su, Hsu & Chai, 2001). A marsh cone test is utilized where the paste has a water to cement ratio of 0. to 0. Ahmad, Umar & Masood, 2017). The optimum water to cement ratio is usually adopted, however, it can be decreased if the required degree of strength has not been reached. Second, the mini-slump test is used to ensure the filler dosage is maintained. The developers had a view of maximizing construction productivity without altering the quality and strength of the concrete. Third, it has a good fluidity whereby it can deform and flow without any form of separation.

Here, superplasticizer is utilized as the primary ingredient so that to maintain the flow-ability and deformability of the paste used to make the concrete. Fourth, it has a high amount of fine substances and various flow characteristics compared to the normal concrete. When making the Self Compacting Concrete, the developers must capture three main features; separation resistance, ability to pass, and fill. with the topping up of silica fume and fly ash, it demonstrated a reduction in water permeability. However, using thirty percent of fly ash indicated that there was less significant in its reduction. Therefore, the availability of silica fume showed a high level in water permeability compared to fly ash. Second, the outcomes of chloride permeability indicated it reduced when silica fume and fly ash were added.

The increased pore-structure was because of the filler effect and admixtures. Initially, it was utilized to assess highly flowable and underwater concretes. The test is performed by placing a slump con on an inflexible and impermeable plate with concrete (Saranya P & Remesh Kannan, 2015). The plate should be put on a level surface that is rigid. The slump cone is then removed allowing measurements to be taken. Besides, more time can be added to determine flow-ability in cases where the concrete is required to have a diameter of fifty centimeters. Some apparatus have a flat bottom, which is distinct from the common equipment with a curved bottom. It is advisable to use a transparent plastic so that to allow the observer to see the behavior of the concrete.

The test is performed by first allowing the concrete to flow from the left section to the right part of the box (Saranya P & Remesh Kannan, 2015). Supporting bars are usually put in a position that they reinforce the door separating the two halves. Figure – 3 The spacing between the bars can be adjusted from time to time; however, they should not be more than thirty-five millimeters apart. This paper captures three characteristics; compressive strength, density, and porosity to draw a comparison between Geopolymers and Ordinary Portland Cement. Compressive Strength According to the research by Le, Müller, Siewert and Ludwig (2015), over a period of time, the geopolymer concrete exhibits more compressive strength in comparison to Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete. They carried out their study within thirty days and recorded their findings during the first day, the seventh day, and the twenty-eighth day.

At day one, the compressive strength of geopolymer was 41. MPa, which increased to 49. A high fly ash content of eighty percent was only able to generate a compressive strength of 10. MPa during the first day, making it the lowest figure in the research. Density According to Persson (2001), the density of either concrete is dependent on the specific weights of the ingredients utilized in making the mixture. Their research demonstrated that the density of geopolymer was 2290 –2460 kg/m3. They argued that the mixture that had a higher volume of alkali in the alkaline activator generated more reactions with fly ash thereby leading to higher density and compressive strength. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that Ordinary Portland Cement concrete had a porosity that ranged from 3.

to 5. On the contrary, the geopolymer concrete had a porosity of between 1. and 1. Khaleel and Abdul Razak (2014) argued that the compressive strength of concrete always decreases as porosity increases. Kaoline and fly ash produce various raw materials for geopolymers at normal industrial temperatures (Dinakar & Manu, 2014). Compared to Portland cement, geopolymers lower energy consumption by 0. and reduce carbon dioxide by ninety percent. Thus, geopolymer is critical in protecting the environment. The Reaction of Using Activator Chemicals in Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete Geopolymerisation is a process by which chemical reactions involving solutions of alkali metal silicate and solid form of alumino-silicate oxides are put under alkaline state to produce amorphous polymeric structures that have Si-O-Al bonds. During laboratory tests, fly ash and other ingredients are first blended for two minutes.

Then, the liquid part is added to the solid aggregates. Thereafter, the mixture is stirred for three minutes. Sodium silicate is added to boost geopolymerization. A study by Ponikiewski and Katzer (2016) used an 8 Molarity of NaOH solution and mixed it to various samples of Geopolymer. According to Ponikiewski and Katzer (2016), altering the amount of water while holding other parameters constant affects the geopolymer concrete’s compressive strength. They observed that increase in water to geopolymer binder ratio results in the reduction of compressive strength. Therefore, it implies that a higher compressive strength is a reflection of lower water to geopolymer ratio. It is important to maintain the required level of water to geopolymer ratio so that to attain the desired compressive strength.

Ferrara, Park and Shah (2007) argue that a range of 0. The Self Compacting Concrete has more advantages compared to the traditional concrete. Unlike the conventional concrete, it can use its own weight to spread and fill all areas thereby removing the use of vibration where consolidation is required. It does not rely on skilled workers. The developers had a view of maximizing construction productivity without altering the quality and strength of the concrete. The Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has good fluidity whereby it can deform and flow without any form of separation. Masood, A. Properties of Normal Concrete, Self-compacting Concrete and Glass Fibre-reinforced Self-compacting Concrete: An Experimental Study. Procedia Engineering, 173, 807-813. doi: 10. j. Materials & Design, 60, 661-668. doi: 10. j. matdes. Ferrara, L. Materials & Design, 53, 691-700.

doi: 10. j. matdes. Le, H. Mix Design Procedure for Self Compacting Concrete. IOSR Journal Of Engineering, 02(09), 33-41. doi: 10. Nepomuceno, M. Pereira-de-Oliveira, L. s0008-8846(00)00497-x Ponikiewski, T. Katzer, J. Fresh Mix Characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete Reinforced by Fibre. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering. doi: 10. doi: 10. asce)ae. Su, N. Hsu, K. Chai, H.