Rework reduction in housing construction projects

Research shows that rework increases the cost of construction by around 10-15 percent of the project’s contract price in a typical design and construction project (Ndwandwa et al, 2017). This is because a construction project involves processes that are interconnected. If one is missed, then the overall procedure is done away with. This is the reason why constructors have been very harsh on addressing the problem at hand. Cost and time are factors of efficiency and if compromised, then the whole project productivity is affected as well. Cost controls and time plan tiers need fixtures that are contingent. My research will enumerate, most importantly, the impacts of rework issues in all construction projects. These will help the client base define the companies that they hold at stake.

There is the need to strike a fair deal between time and cost factors in the project implementation. This would clearly be shone here, in this study. Project managers wish that they finish the projects faster and cheaper than they actually do even having maximized on resource use (Babji et al, 2017). For this reason, they tend to carry out in an extra ordinary way. The occurrence of rework in a project development would, therefore, mean a waste of time and resources, especially funds because they outsource the other resources. The rush that managers initiate incases of unaccomplished works will also compromise on resources allocation as well as the quality of the project outcome. This further compromises the effectiveness of execution and the result is problem and mistake inceptions which are detected at later stages of the project development, and due to the fear of double work, these problems tend to be implemented as correct in the completed project.

Additional time is required to correct the project’s mistake and align procedures with the plans (Ndwandwa et al, 2017). This is definitely against the project motive of the project manager, because efficiency will be valued on time basis. To avoid all these, there is a need for a system that will determine mistakes in the design phase. In these way, construction cost will be reduced. Undiscovered rework challenge needs to be managed via a feedback system for the design as well as the actual construction processes. These are the null hypotheses that this study will try to prove at the close of the research period. The research questions thereby will be derived from the objective. Specifically, the intervention seeks to answer the following questions: • Which feedback mechanisms fuel the tendency of undiscovered reworks in the development process of a two phased construction project? • What are the cost and time impacts in the development process of a two phased construction project? • What are the test and design policy recommendations that are targeted towards managing undiscovered rework in the development process of a two phased construction project? • Why the construction companies are still reluctant to enhance their systems and Incorporated the suggestions in their practices? Background Literature Review Research has been done on the rework problem by different scholars over the globe.

Undiscovered rework and extents of ripple impacts have been studied in a case of a single phased project inception. This current research depicts the case of two phased project models. Rework is a process that has been established to crop from poor coordination and communication lapses within the development of the project. Contractual misunderstandings also have been attributed to some level of undiscovered rework. Additionally, project managers have been found to prioritize the prize factors in the project inception which has had numerous negative impacts leading to reworks. Technology, which is an every-day tool in the current economy has as well not been deployed well in the construction industry. Customers and suppliers relationship is very vital for the success of the project as well.

Some rework cases and their causes are reviewed below. Review of causes - Causes of rework in application A research by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) made a conviction that 50 percent of mistakes in constructions originated from the design phase while 40 percent had origin from the construction itself (U. K 9). In a survey by the National Economic Development Office in 1987, it was found that design factors matter at a greater percentage in efforts to improve quality control. Major factors in the survey that impacted quality negatively included issues like uncoordinated design, lack of documentation and or poor development skills. A study made on the defects of the industry on houses constructed revealed that amongst every eight houses build, one had defects which rose concern amongst clients undermining the industry.

Analysis explicitly showed that the cost of the defects was 4 % the value of the contract. The data used was real, that is houses built in Australia and Victoria between 1982 and 1997. The validity of this information is therefore, very viable. In summary, the cost of the defects analyzed and concluded included; the claim value which majorly was paid to a client once they reported a defect associated with their building, associated costs that majorly covered the research and attempts to identify defects and then the total costs which was a sum of the above cost factors (Love 343). A dummy variable system was used to represent the project type (Peter 63). The project type was included in the analysis by using a dummy-variable system.

Was found out that the fresh new buildings and new renovations mostly experienced poor performance and project coordination as compared to fit outs and refurbishments. Construction cost included the cost of labor and that of materials. The labor is quantified or gauged on the basis of time as material cost is based on the ground floor area (GFA). A journal written and reviewed from Spain on 40 projects reported a lot of issues and mistakes that related to costs in the projects’ execution. My research will therefore form a basic ground from where issues can be addressed to control costs and maximize on project profits. Costs effects were as follows in the different research works. As an example, Josephson and Hammarlund (1999) reported that the costs of rework on residential, industrial, and commercial building projects ranged from 2 to 6% of the contract values, while Fayek et al.

(2003) established that this figure ranged from 2 to 12%. 06% of the completion cost of new buildings and 3. 23% of the completion cost of refurbished buildings. Burati et al. (1992) indicated that quality deviations accounted for an average of 12. 4% of the contract value in nine major engineering projects, and Mills et al. Methodology The study will use a qualitative approach, while also reviewing literature materials. While the nature of the study may not necessitate a qualitative method as this would need to have a cohort that is not feasible for the level of study being carried out, a review of past studies and other online sources may provide enough qualitative data that can be used for the study in a way to draw an insightful conclusion.

An elaborate system dynamics method would suffice this study. System dynamics is a methodology used to study and manage ultra-systems (Apostolopoulos 27). Models of systematic dynamics have successfully been vital in situations project management not forgetting the impacts of rework on project performance, elaborates on point dynamics and weaknesses are fast tracked and implementations sown. The population includes all the project implementers both private and governmental. A Likert scale like questionnaire would be of interest since it is difficult to quantify by amounts considering that projects are arrange and each is specific in terms of cost factors and associated outcomes. The Likert scale would help me form a generalization out the respondents that I get (Allen, 64). It is important to note that I will require that the respondents use a project they have previously finalized to haste on the research and as well to avoid bias.

The sample size of this study need to be representative across the 161 project that were executed. The below table represents a defined risk assessment for this study: Table 1: Risk Factors Risk Probability (%) Impact (1-5) Priority Mitigation Project managers fail to implement budgets 30 4 160 Proper identification of project implementation team Inadequate funds 50 2 100 Proper budgeting and designing a cost control structure Subcontractors delay/fasten the project life cycle 40 1 75 Looking for secondary contractors and or escalate to subcontractor management team Rework on failures at the project closure 20 1 230 Proper design process identifying all issues and addressing them Ethical considerations Ethics are meant to distinguish the good and the wrong. In the context of research, ethics include the norms and principles that should guide the research and to distinguish the right and the wrong.

There are acceptable code of ethics in research which should be adhered to and the unacceptable refrained from (Creswell 21). The validity and reliability of research results is importantly determined by the ethical considerations. Participation or respondents will be very voluntary, and participants will be fully informed of any risks prior. "Likert scales and data analyses. " Quality Progress 40. Apostolopoulos, Yorghos, et al. "Moving alcohol prevention research forward—Part II: New directions grounded in community‐based system dynamics modeling. " Addiction (2018). "Rework Management in Construction Projects and Comparison with Time and Cost. " International Journal of Engineering Science 13020 (2017). Hopkin, Paul.  Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing Effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers, 2017. Ndwandwa, S. , E. K. Simpeh, and J. J. "Realizing value from project implementation under Uncertainty: An exploratory study using system dynamics.