Challenges of HIV vaccination

This research is aimed at seeing the challenges that are faced by the scientists towards their achievement in getting the vaccine. Using some database such as EBSCO, PubMed and Google this will be able to use the data found to show the challenges facing the scientists in getting the vaccine. Some of the challenges seen in the paper are the structure of HIV, the animal model, the long time in developing the vaccine and the issue of finance. The results have shown that these challenges have led to the difficulty in getting the vaccine. Some countries for instance, have not positively contributed towards getting the vaccine. In this paper, it will look on some of the challenges facing the development of the vaccine.

Some of the difficulty include the nature of the HIV, the problem of the animal model, financial constraints and the issue of time. HIV Vaccine A HIV vaccine is a vaccine that is used by individuals who are HIV negative for not contracting the virus. Currently, there is no any vaccine that has been found, and there are some trials by the clinical to find one. According to the Burton et al. The goal of HIV is to prevent the infection of the following infection show below. Figure 1:showing time after infection The peak level is partially controlled by the viral set point indicated with the black line. On the left, the vaccine protects against the infection such that it sterilises the immunity indicated in red.

The suboptimal vaccine can result in the decrease of the peak and the set point indicated in red. Despite the efforts toward the prevention efforts the disease has led to increased access to prevention and treatment programme. Recombinant vector vaccines: This vaccine adopted the DNA vaccine, but the genes are carried by a harmless bacteria. Currently, many of the vaccines are carried through vector vaccines. Scientists believe that using a vector as a vaccine is not enough since it’s effective in creating the immune system3. Other types of HIV vaccines include the inactivated vaccines, peptide vaccines, replicons and modifies vaccines. So far there have been more than forty vaccines that have been tested. The use of vaccines has worked to diseases like smallpox and polio.

Therefore having the vaccine of HIV will help in saving many lives of people around the globe. The main aim of having the vaccines is to ensure that people are protected from getting the virus. The development of the vaccine will not only protect people from getting the virus but also reducing the risk of infection which may reduce the pandemic of HIV infection. It will also reduce the number of infection through reducing the number of people causing the infections. Although some vaccination has been achieved in controlling the virus, it has become difficult to come up with the vaccine of the virus. There are a number of factors that causes the development of the HIV vaccine. One is that the vaccine will the individuals recover from the infection since there is no any recovered patient from the disease.

Secondly is that majority of the vaccines do not protect the individual against the virus. When HIV stays for long it causes AIDS6. If the vaccine lacks this capability, it won’t be effective. There is also the difficulty in responding to the attempts of developing the vaccine that stimulates the response of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The ability in creating single peptide has been a key problem since it leaves the components of the known HIV strains. Animal model There has been a problem of getting a proper animal model before testing in a human being. The animal model used in a finding of the vaccine is the monkey. Figure 3: showing primate and mouse Models Time developing the vaccine Figure 4: time in developing the vaccine From the table above it indicates the time taken for the diseases to get the vaccine.

Smallpox, polio, hepatitis, Rotavirus, Human papillomavirus (HPV) and measles have been able to achieve the breakthrough of getting the vaccine 9. However, to date, the virus of HIV has not been found. The quest in getting the vaccine for typhoid started in 1884 and after 105byears scientist were able to get the vaccine for typhoid. It ended the breakthrough in 1989. It has become so much difficult to come up with the virus 11. The issue of time has been a challenge in getting the vaccine. It is seen from the table as of now the virus should have been found but not yet. Figure 5: timeline for vaccine manufacture and trials The trials take a lot of time for the scientist to move from one step to the other.

Since the disease was found in 1984, there has some development in trying to find the vaccine of the virus. Figure 6: funding base for Microbe R& D U. S. has been the main financier towards the vaccine development. According to the data above United contributed the greater percentage, having 84% of the 167 million dollars contributed towards the funding of the vaccine development. From the figure, it indicates that America contributes a large percentage compared to other financier’s combined. This is a significant drop when it comes to funding on three basic necessities in vaccine development. In the implementation of the project funding has also been reduced from 12 % to the 3. this will mean that some part of the implementation will not follow the required channel.

Annual Global funding Figure 8: Annual investment for AIDS vaccine R & D The above figure shows the total global investments; it includes investments in U. S. Getting the proper animal model has become the issue of concern to many of the vaccine developers. The main animal model has been seen to be having some antibodies that neutralises the HIV. When injected with the virus they are seen to be affected by SIV. This is a great challenge when it comes to the search for the vaccine since they cannot use human being before they are sure of the significance of the vaccine. Funding is also seen to be any challenge in the development of the vaccine. The current advancement in technology should be used in the understanding of the T-cell receptors.

These findings will help the biomedical field in coming up with the vaccine of the virus and help the society at large. Bibliography 1. Burton DR, Desrosiers RC, Doms RW, Koff WC, Kwong PD, Moore JP, Nabel GJ, Sodroski J, Wilson IA, Wyatt RT. HIV vaccine design and the neutralising antibody problem. Gougeon ML, Lecoeur H, Dulioust A, Enouf MG, Crouvoiser M, Goujard C, Debord T, Montagnier L. Programmed cell death in peripheral lymphocytes from HIV-infected persons: increased susceptibility to apoptosis of CD4 and CD8 T cells correlates with lymphocyte activation and with disease progression. The Journal of Immunology. May 1;156(9):3509-20. Ware NC, Wyatt MA, Haberer JE, Baeten JM, Kintu A, Psaros C, Safren S, Tumwesigye E, Celum CL, Bangsberg DR. Control of viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection by CD8+ lymphocytes.

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