Attention deficithyperactive disorder

Document Type:Thesis

Subject Area:Education

Document 1

These symptoms create problems to developmental levels. Children normally fail to give close attention to details. They have a challenge of holding attention on various tasks. They never listen when being spoken to directly. Moreover, they are usually reluctant to carry out tasks that require mental efforts for a long time. Moreover, it is also connected to other mental disorders and exploitation or misuse of a substance. In contemporary society, this disorder is causing severe impairment; however, many patients have developed attention for tasks of their desire or rewarding. It is important to note that both genetic and environmental factors are the major causative agents of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. The diagnostic methods are based on the symptoms after other potential causes are eliminated.

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The most important treatment methods that can be used towards this disorder include counseling, adoption of the right lifestyle, and seeking medications from relevant physicians. The rate of infection is the same in all the countries, but the difference prevails depending with the nature of the diagnosis implied. It is diagnosed two times more often in males than in females. However, the ADHD is believed to be severe in girls as compared to boys due to the differences in the nature of symptoms. Stereotypically, people diagnosed in childhood are perceived to get hold of the symptoms until they approach their adulthood stages. In regard to this, in a range of 30-50% of people diagnosed with the disorder in their childhood tend to have the symptoms into adulthood, and between 4-6% of aged people have the condition.

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The literature and history of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) began in the early 18th century. Since the 1970s, much controversial has been surrounding treatment, diagnosis of ADHD. The controversies have been engaging teachers, physicians, parents, policy-makers, and the media fraternity. The topics of discussion include the disorder's symptoms, diagnosis, and the use of stimulants as one of its medications approaches. It is confirmed by the healthcare community that ADHD is a real disorder in children and adults; however, the major concerns in the scientific field are how it is treated and diagnosed. In fact, persons become an academic dwarf. The effects of ADHD are as well experienced in relationships and marriages. The main challenge is that it is often difficult for a person to effectively define the symptoms since it is difficult to distinguish them with the normal levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and the rate of impulsivity.

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In reference to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), the symptoms must be available for a period of more than six months to a level that is higher than other people of the same age bracket and they have to cause vital problems functioning in more than two settings; normally social work, schools, and home. The approach must have been achieved in advance before the age of twelve purposely to enhance the diagnosis of the disorder. This is an effect of a loss of brain concentration. They normally experience daydream, often become confused, and are slow learners (Demontis et al. The rate of the symptoms and effects of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder vary based on gender and sex. Girls who are possessing the disorder show a lower rate of hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms but a higher rate of symptoms regarding inattention and distractibility.

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The symptoms of hyperactivity fade away based on age bracket and later changes to the state of restlessness in the mid-teens and adults. Associated Disorders of ADHD Usually, the occurrence of this disorder in children is connected with other disorders. The commonly connected disorders include; epilepsy, Tourette's syndrome, Autism spectrum syndrome, digital media use, anxiety disorders, intermittent explosive disorder, learning disabilities, obsessive-compulsive disorder, intellectual disabilities, reactive attachment disorder, substance use disorders, sleep disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, mood disorders, restless leg disorders among others. Epilepsy Epilepsy is one of the neurological disorders that is normally characterized by the existence of recurrent seizures. On the other hand, epileptic seizures are episodes that can differ from brief and almost undetectably eras to long periods of severe shaking.

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These episodes come from physical injuries, especially broken legs. Tourette syndrome Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that mostly begins during childhood in the health of an individual. It is characterized by extremely multiple motor tics and more than one vocal tic. These tics have the potential to wax and wane, and therefore can be suppressed. They are normally preceded by unwanted urges within the muscles they affect. Most of the tics are blinking of an eye, coughing, clearing of a throat, movement of the face, and sniffing. Autism Spectrum It is a range of neurodevelopmental, mental disorders. It is composed of autism and Asperger syndrome. People having this condition have problems with social communication and social interactions. The signs and symptoms are revealed between the age of one and two years.

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It has both long-term and short-term effects, such as difficulties in carrying out daily tasks, involving and maintaining relationships. The importance of intelligence quotient is controversial in the aspect that due to the difference between individuals with ADHD and the challenges determining the influence of the respective signs and symptoms. As far as ADHD is a concern, higher intelligence quotient can be overlooked since many scholars exclude people who are associated with lower intelligence quotient regardless those with ADHD scoring on average eight point's lower standardized intelligence measures (Huisman et al. Causes of ADHD Genetics Over 50 % of scientific studies show that ADHD is often inherited from parents to children. Doubtlessly, siblings of children with ADHD are almost 100% likely to develop the condition as compared to siblings of children without the disorder.

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It is also perceived that genes are involved in indicating whether this condition will persist into adulthood (Faraone & Larsson, 2019). Alcohol intake, when a mother is pregnant, can predispose a child to alcohol spectrum disorders, which involves ADHD. Moreover, children that are associated with extremely toxic substances, for instance, lead may create problems related to ADHD. Mothers who smoke tobacco during pregnancy may suffer from challenges related to central nervous system development and hence can increase the risk of ADHD. Some of the environmental aspects that may make an individual be at risk of getting ADHD include premature birth, underweight during birth, abuse, and social deprivation. Children may be predisposed to ADHD when they are associated with artificial food dyes or even preservatives.

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People having ADHD experience emotion-regulating challenges. The symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are seen when the patient is twelve years old, and they have been present in the body for a period of more than six months. The ADHD causes problems in more than two settings, for instance, schools, home or recreational settings. Stereotypically, people diagnosed in childhood are perceived to get hold of the symptoms until they approach their adulthood stages. Consequently, they begin to develop adaptive skills which work out for some or all of the impairments. References Castells, X. , Blanco‐Silvente, L. , & Cunill, R. Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8).  Nature genetics, 51(1), 63. Faraone, S. V. , & Larsson, H. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

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