Nutrition and diseases

This dietary reference intake is used by the health care providers as a basis for determining the nutritional needs of the patients. Calorie needs differ from one person to the other, and this variation is dependent on the age, gender, health state of an individual. Ham’s benedict equation should, however, be used to determine the daily calorie requirement for an individual. With advancing age, the calorie requirement diminishes, and an individual may require a lower calorie diet. RDA for the patients requires that one receives a minimum of 10% and a maximum of 35 percent of daily calorie intake from proteins (Beasleyetal et al. The junk food that the patient is currently on contains a high amount of fats, salt, sugars and is very low in other nutrients.

The commonest forms of fast food include carbonated drinks, salted snack foods, and fried fast foods. These fast foods are more than carbohydrates and fats and are lacking in proteins. Diet appropriate to stop hypertension was recommended for hypertensive patients by American hearts association. The menu is high in fiber, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and proteins. 4 international units(15milligrams daily). Fast food the patient is taking contains an excess of sodium ions up to 1544 mg, chloride ions, insufficient magnesium, insufficient calcium ions, less/ no fibers and vitamins (Muchomba, & Kaushal, 2016). For example making of sandwiches, hamburgers and wraps are accomplished by the use of white bread which has no fiber. Fiber is abundant in unprocessed foods and is recommended for daily intake to facilitate proper digestion, gut motility, and reduction in glucose absorption.

Part 2: Nutrition and Pathophysiology (Anatomy) Blood pressure is a product of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. Type 2 diabetes comes as a result of increased resistance against the insulin hormone by its receptors. Fast foods are rich in salt and calories. This increases the stiffness and the volume in the blood vessels leading to elevated pressure. The fats are deposited in the blood vessels leading to the increased thickness of the vascular lumen. Excess calories present in junk foods are converted to fatty acids and deposited in the subcutaneous tissues and the and visceral spaces. Angiotensinogen is then converted to angiotensin which increases the vascular resistance whereas aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium ion and secretion of potassium ions (Karami et al.

This worsens hypertension and complicates the situation further causing water retention, fluid overload and the subsequent development of edema. Hypertension increases the work of the heart in pumping blood throughout the body. The heart in response to an increase in resistance undergoes remodeling in which the cardiocytes hypertrophy, and there is a synthesis of new proteins. A sustained increase in peripheral vascular resistance may lead to the development of cardiac failure. These compounds are deposited on the walls of the small blood vessels and over time lead to thickening of the affected vessels and may lead to arteriopathy, neuropathy, coronary artery disease, and gastropathy (Karami et al. Arteriopathy affects the vessels of the eyes and limbs. They also affect the microvasculature of the nerves supplying most organs.

This leads to reducing the sensation of the limbs and predisposes one to chronic diabetic ulcers. The organs of the body are also less likely to respond to changes in the internal milieu due to the damage of the autonomic nervous system. Medical and Nutrient Related Interventions and Dietary Needs Hypertension Early diagnosis and timely intervention improves the quality of life and reduces morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Patients may be having a poor dietary habit and progression of the illness may be prevented if detected at an early stage. The patient should be put on a low sodium diet of up to 1500 milligrams per day. This will reduce the serum osmolality and the pressure exerted on the vascular smooth muscles.

The patient should also reduce the intake of junk foods that contain high unsaturated fatty acids and Tran’s fatty acids which complicates hypertension further. Diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are used together with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor drugs as the first-line drug for controlling hypertension. They block reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal convoluted tubules and lead to a reduction in both plasma osmolality and the stress placed on the vascular smooth muscle cells. They cause hyperglycemia and may not be an ideal drug for diabetics. Calcium channel blockers This is combined with angiotensin inhibitors and the diuretics in case the target pressures have not been attained at maximum doses of the above medications. Metformin (500mg BD). It is a biguanide that improves the sensitivity of the hepatocyte to insulin hormone.

It also minimizes the absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract and hence reducing the overall serum glucose levels (Munshi et al. It has fewer side effects and does not cause complications of hypoglycemia. Sulfonylureas. 822 BMI=113/3. 31 BMI= 36. 10Kgs/M2 Calorie requirements Male cal requirements=66. 56*weight in kgs+5*height in cm- 6. 7*age in years * physical activity J. Goal met. Secondly, the patient will attain optimum glycemic control by use of medication and diet. The blood sugar readings for one week were at 10mmol/l. Goal reached. Finally, J. The nurse should encourage the patient to exercise for at least 30 minutes a day and reduce the intake of fatty food (Fruh, 2017). Poor glycemic control may result in the complication of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, nursing strategies should begin from ensuring that the patient gets to know how to monitor his blood sugar level and reporting any deviations, for example, random blood sugar (RBS) above ten mmol/dl should raise the alarm in a diabetic patient.

Further, the nurse should encourage the patient to avoid too much intake of fats which predisposes them obesity and diabetic complications (Munshi et al. However, the nurse should identify the cultural and religious factors of the client that affects his dietary practices. Further, the patient will be educated of various types of exercises that will burn fats in the body in addition to reduced dietary intake of fats. The patient will be equipped with the knowledge regarding the role of lipids in clogging of arteries and risks of thromboembolism. References Beasley, J. M. , Deierlein, A. , & Kaushal, N. Effect of Food Subsidies on Micronutrient Consumption.  Indian Journal of Human Development, 10(3), 317-335. Prasad, K. , & Mishra, M. Karami, A. , Dahl, A. A. , Turner-McGrievy, G.