ETHICS OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Through an algorithm, robots and computers are now able to able to learn on their own, improve on their work and even make decisions, all without an individual consciousness. Machine learning; an application of artificial intelligence allows systems to learn and improve based on experience automatically with no programming (UNI Global Union, 2017). Some of the forms of artificial intelligence that are already in place include medical diagnosis, autonomous vehicles such as self-driving cars and drones, online assistants, search engines, image recognition, judicial decisions predictions, games and art creation among others (Lohr, 2016). All these advancements, if utilized well and within the ethical provisions, will undoubtedly improve the quality of life while also making operations more efficient. There are significant ethical concerns that have been raised with regard to the future of artificial intelligence, most of which are concerned with the possibility of such inventions bringing human beings and other forms of life to harm as well as the moral status of the inventions themselves.

He explains that if a machine of superior intelligence to that of mankind is created and given the liberty to learn and grow by accessing information on the internet, the machine is highly likely to develop strategies to acquire resources and protect itself from losing dominance and could end up hurting humanity in the process (Adam, 2016). Arguments against this view have been put forward by experts who believe that in order for such an occurrence to take place, the artificial intelligence in question would have to outthink or overpower all humanity, a scenario whose possibility they feel is too far off in the future to be even considered. Another argument against the view is that human beings are convergently or intrinsically valuable and will therefore not be overcome by artificial intelligence (Madrigal, 2016).

Another of the potential risks associated with artificial intelligence lies in the fact that while the designers of the machines might have clear intentions, they may not be able to prevent unforeseen eventualities such as the presence of unnoticed but catastrophic bugs which are generally hard to fix after the launch of the system (Graves, 2017). They may also not be able to avoid unintended behavior once they have launched the machines. In spite of the discrepancies in the figures, it is evident that advancements in artificial intelligence will result in a reduction in demand for human labor. With the advancements in artificial intelligence, it is projected that repetitive tasks will easily become computerized with the advancement in artificial technology and as a result, jobs as fast-food cooks, telemarketers, taxi drivers, loan officers, cashiers and paralegals are at risk while the demand for care-related jobs such as clergy, occupational therapists, surgeons, nutritionists, and dietitians, among other healthcare givers, will increase because they may not be automated (Mahdawi & Chalabi, 2017).

With the automation, it is projected that gender inequality will become more apparent than it is at the moment. This is because, in the fields of IT and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) where jobs are expected to grow, women are underrepresented seeing as there are very few women going into science (Mahdawi & Chalabi, 2017). Fortunately, there are more women in care-related and education professions where the wave of automation is expected to hit least, and this means that the women in these professions are highly likely to retain their jobs even with the advancement in artificial intelligence (Mahdawi & Chalabi, 2017). The girls dropped the items and started walking away but it was too late, and a neighbor had already called the police on them.

They were arrested and charged with petty theft and burglary for the items charged at $80 (Angwin et al. In a different incident, a 41-year-old white man called Prater was arrested for shoplifting goods worth $86. 35 in a nearby store. He was a more seasoned criminal and had been convicted of attempted armed robbery and armed robbery before and served a 5-year jail term. Seeing as machine training relies on the ability to execute tasks based on the data it is fed with during its training, it is susceptible to mistakes arising from human error during the training of the machine. Similarly, such machines could be hacked by malicious people and institutions and reprogramed to execute designated tasks erratically thereby posing potential risks to users of the machines.

Recommendations on the Way Forward As the prevalence and impact of artificial intelligence continue to increase, it is important to have in place policy and societal guidelines to ensure that these innovations are human-centric and that they serve the values and ethical principles of humanity. This is because aside from addressing technical issues and reaching technological goals, the artificial intelligence systems have to operate in a manner that is beneficial and safe to the people. According to the IEEE Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (2017), some of the ways through which this may be achieved include: 1. The artificial intelligence systems should be liable to third-party verification and should also generate audit trails that record the laws and facts supporting their decisions iv.

The general public should be made aware of who makes or supports ethical decisions concerning these systems 3. Education and Awareness Policies There should be policies in place addressing the promotion and protection of the privacy, safety, cybersecurity, human rights, intellectual property rights and public understanding of the possible impacts of the artificial intelligence systems on the society. These policies should (IEEE, 2017): i. Regulate the artificial intelligence systems to ensure public responsibility and safety ii. Affective computing: this is concerned with ensuring that the artificial intelligence technologies are used to improve the quality of life of humanity and do not bring humanity to any harm by damping or amplifying the human emotional experience. iii. Beneficence and safety of artificial intelligence and super intelligence: this is concerned with ensuring that all artificial intelligence technologies properly assessed on how they could possibly behave after becoming more capable in order to minimize the possibility of occurrence of unintended or unanticipated system misbehavior.

Foundations: the artificial intelligence technologies should be built on ethical grounds determined by secular, religious, scientific and philosophical dictates of human morality and dignity and should be bent on ensuring the wellbeing of all humanity above everything else. Such values should be incorporated into the artificial intelligence systems and methods to guide ethical design and research put in place. com/technology/2016/jun/12/nick-bostrom-artificial-intelligence-machine#img-1 Accessed November 11, 2018. Angwin, J. , Larson, J. Mattu, S. & Kirchner, L. I. Apocalypse. Hive. https://www. vanityfair. Madrigal, A. (February 4, 2016). The Case against Killer Robots, from a Guy Actually Working on Artificial Intelligence. https://splinternews. com/the-case-against-killer-robots-from-a-guy-actually-wor-1793845735 Accessed November 11, 2018. com/news/science/stephen-hawking-warned-artificial-intelligence-could-end-human-race/articleshow/63297552. cms Accessed November 10, 2018. \ The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (2017).