Impact of burning crop residue

That is the case since such locations are much into the production process without implementing the best remedies to enhance sustainability. Even though electricity is readily available in most of these regions, it is unlikely for them to focus on renewable sources of energy due to the convenience of the existing energy. That is a major challenge in almost every part of the world, and the rise in global warming is one of the indicators. Ideally, crop residue is also one of the contributors to pollution in most parts of the world. The smoke from the process implicates on key aspects of life, which is not ideal for any region in the world. Moreover, Lee-Jane (2010) affirms that burning of biogas contributes the deterioration of soil health, for example, the burning of rice straws is attributed to 5.

5 kg Nitrogen loss, 25 kg potassium, 1. 2 kg Sulphur and 2. 3 kg phosphorous, additionally the heat can destroy microorganisms in that are vital for development of crops. The World Health Organization set goals to aim at preventing and controlling of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), and India was the first country in the world to set a target for directed at reducing death due to NCDs(McCarty et al. The burning of biogas not only affects residents of developing countries but also people in developed nations. The USA has reported the effects of crop residue burning in the Country and cautioned its citizens against the act (McCarty et al. The poor air quality in India has been there for a long time and has only been aggravated by crop residue burning by farmers.

(Dipti, 2015) The low economic burden associated with the burning of the remains and the minimum time required has encouraged most of the farmers to continue with the vice. Unbeknown to the farmers, respiratory complication arises from the traditional practice which profoundly affects their socioeconomic status and their health. Asthma is usually linked to genetic factors and also environmental exposure. Agarwal et al (2012) air pollution one of the contributing factors of the increment in asthma cases in India since it (i) causes a direct effect on subtle airways (ii) Triggers allergic reactions through bronchial hyper-reactivity (iii) creates a toxic effect on respiratory epithelium (iv) changes immunological response by weakening it. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CRB adverse respiratory infections and hospitalization.

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) estimated cost of health due to CRB in Northern India and noted “Poor air quality is a recognized global public health epidemic, with level of airborne particulate matter in Delhi spiking to 20 times the World Health Organization’s safety threshold during certain days (Darga, 2019). Among other issues, smoke from the burning crop deposit by farmers in Haryana and Punjab especially contributes to Delhi’s poor air, increasing the risk of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI ) three-fold for those living in a district with intense crop burning”. Lack of knowledge on alternative ways of crop residue usage has led to the increase in CRB in India thus increase in emission of greenhouse gases while in the United States, farmers have embraced substitute methods of disposing crop residue.

Crop residue contains important components such as nutrients, energy, and fiber. According to Schmer et al. , (2014) 30% of phosphorus taken up by crops and 65% of potassium are contained in crop residues. Most farmers in the United States have substituted the burning of crop residue by using it in more beneficial ways and less harmful to the environment (Hatfield & Steward. The residue also helps in the retention of water in the soil. Improving Soil Organic Matter: The continuous planting of crops in the same field over the years leads to the depletion of nutrients. Consequently, this leads to a reduction in crop yields. Farmers in the United States use crop residue to improve the quality of soil by burying crop residue in the soil after harvest.

The residue then decomposes and releases nutrients in the soil thus leading to the improvement of soil quality. , Mittal S. , (2012) Effects of exposure to rice-crop residue burning smoke on pulmonary functions and oxygen saturation level on human beings in Patiala (India). Science of the Total Environment. The writer acknowledges that air pollution is the leading cause of environmental imbalances and is a global health problem. Among the different anthropological causes for the effect of air pollution, the burning of agricultural residue agricultural a significant contributor to trace gases in the atmosphere. 50 healthy people between the ages of 13 and 53 years participated in a study to determine the effects of CRB on pulmonary functions. The results showed that air quality was significantly low during the CRB period.

After conducting the tests, the authors concluded that although the crop residue burning exercise is seasonal, it has a lasting impact on both the environment and health. Awasthi A. , Ravinder A. doi: 10. 3390/ijerph16050832 In this article, the author discussed the amount of waste that is burned and how it affects global warming. But the main part of the article discussed the government intervention for limiting the practice. Different schemes and policies to reduce or utilize crop waste in a different form. This article discussed bringing the strategies into practice and what could be the outcome for it. Notably, the communities close to open burning fields and children under the age of 5 are at high risk of acute respiratory disease. This article gives 250000 people data from the National Health Survey.

And also what steps should be taken to improve respiratory health level. This paper provides information about the risk factor related to respiratory problems with crop burning. Darga S. Society for Environment and Development (India). The study was conducted to ascertain the reasons why farmers are choosing crop residue burning as a way of clearing their field and if they are aware of the environmental effects caused by the activity. The author noted that farmers preferred CRB since it is cheaper and helps in the destruction of pests, weeds and fungi and also low market prices for residues. The study described that the majority of residents were faced respiratory infections on the month when agricultural crop residue was burn but they were unaware of the particular health problems related to the burning.

George P. (2019) Agriculture crop residue burning and its consequences on respiration health of school-going children. Global Pediatric Health. The author affirms that CRB in open fields has health-related complications in humans, especially to children. A study is done on 150 children to analyses the decline in the health of school-going youngsters due to crop residue burning. It was observed that agricultural crop burning in an open area releases a considerable volume of particulate matter that pollutes the environment and may disrupt the normal functioning of body organs including the brain, heart, and lungs. The author acknowledges that in previous decades, CRB has been the subject of intense research in the United States. Neighboring residence in areas where the practice is common is becoming concern about the effects the smoke released from the activity has on their environment and health.

Smoke from burning of biomass, the author observes, contains several chemical compounds and particulate matters some of which are carcinogens that have a severe impact on the health of the people living around the area. The purpose of the research was to depict the quality of air before and after the harvesting period. The authors settled that there was no substantial correlation between field burning and decrements in pulmonary functions. O. , & Loboda, T. The spatial and temporal distribution of crop residue burning in the contiguous United States.  Science of the Total Environment, 407(21), 5701-5712. The writer affirms that the burning of agricultural crop residue is a common practice in the United States and that it is difficult to determine the exact proportions of cropland area burned every season.

Irritation of the eye and congestion in the chest were the significant health effects that were noted among the applicants during the season where crop residue was being burnt. The author observed that individuals affected by smoke-related chronic and non-chronic illnesses have acute problems that intensify during CRB period. The author concludes that millions of shillings are lost every year in northern India in the treatment of health damages caused by air pollution. Schmer M, Vogel P. , Varvel G. 2 potential of petroleum per hectare. The authors added that the corn grains also has high latent of producing petroleum products and ethanol. Shyamsundar P. , Springer N. , Tallis H. Pages 165-184 in Indoors Air Pollution Biomass Fuels. Geneva: World Health Organization. The author noted the significance of using biomass in preventing air pollution.

He observed that the burning of crop residue can be curbed by converting them into biomass which is beneficial. The author emphasized the importance of biomass in cooking and suggested that farmers should embrace it rather than CRB. The authors noted that the economic risk linked to respiratory diseases was huge and should not be ignored. They also emphasized on the significance of enlightening farmers on the effects of CRB on human health and alternative methods of clearing the farms before and after harvesting. Torigoe, K. , Hasegawa, S. , Numata, O. Consequently, the effects caused by the children proceed to adulthood. The authors concluded that the rice straw burning escalates the rate at which children are conducting bronchial asthma, and there is a need to enlighten the community around to reduce the case of respiratory infections.

Techniques In determining the extent of air pollution effects in North India, the intensity of greenhouse gases and carbon particles needs to be compared to previous years. Research by McCathy J. ( 2011) noted that most researchers use information from NASA’s MODIS( Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ) satellite. Conclusion India is the world’s second most exceptional economy which is constructed on agriculture. As there is the production of many crops in India including rice and wheat insignificant number, there is a tremendous amount of waste crop residue produced every year which in turn need to be abolished to make fields ready for next plantation. Because of the higher cost of lawnmower or big machinery, farmers prefer cheaper and easier way to clear leftover of previous crop by burning the crop residue.

The burning of residue from plants is one of the most significant causes of health risks to community itself and nearby areas up to where smoke can travel. The health risks are directly related to respiratory problems like cough due to smoke, asthma, chronic bronchitis, difficulty breathing and also reduced lung purpose. , Mittal S. , (2012) Effects of exposure to rice-crop residue burning smoke on pulmonary functions and oxygen saturation level on human beings in Patiala (India). Science of the Total Environment. Agarwal R. , Awasthi A. , & Meegoda, J. Crop Residue Burning in India: Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and public Health, 16(5), 832. doi: 10. 3390/ijerph16050832 Chakrabarti, S. , (2019) impact of Biomass burning on regional aerosol optical properties: a case study over northern India.

Journal of Environmental Management Dipti G. , Pardeep K. (2015) Possible reasons and Farmers Awareness Towards Crop Residue Burning: An Overview and a Case Study from Mirzapur Village of Kurukshetra District, India. Society for Environment and Development (India) George P. Global Pediatric Health. Lee-Jane S. , (2010) Exposure and Health Assessments of the effect of agricultural field burning in young adults with Asthma living in Pullman, Washington. Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington. McCathy J. , Follett R. , Mitchell R. , Jin V. (2014) Energy Potential and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bioenergy Cropping Systems on Marginally Productive Cropland. 9 (10),1371-1382 Shyamsundar P. Suman C. , Mohammed T. , Avinash K. , (2019) Risk of Acute Respiratory Infection from Crop Burning in India: Estimating Disease Burden and Economic Welfare from Satellite and National Health Survey data for 250 000 People.