The effect of working night shifts on the occupational adaptation among king abdullah university hospital kaauh and princess nora university pnu staff

Rana ALwafi Students Name: Alma Alenazi Hajer Alotaibi Latifah ALGhannam Njoud Alotaibi Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University The Content Table Content Page Number Introduction Literature Review Methodology 1. Design a questionnaire 2. Felid test evaluate questionnaire 3. Sample selection and conduct study Data Analysis 1. Quantitative Research Study Analysis and Results 2. The research will use a mixed study-based survey and hence several methods will be used which include open-ended questions for participants qualitative information, Likert rating scale for participants occupational performance and closed-ended questions for participants demographics. The sampling method to be adopted is convincing with an estimated sample size of 50 respondents. Data will be collected through distributed questionnaires for PNU sample whilst for KAAUH sample will be through electronic media through a social media link. The data will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

The data collected will be compared with the literature review findings to draw the final recommendations and conclusion. The results showed that the main domains affected negatively by the night shifts were the family and social life, general muscle aches and frequent headache. In addition, working in night shift has negative effects on the health workers productivity, alertness, emotional and mental wellbeing especially, for workers who have more than eight hours shift (Keller, Berryman & Lukes, 2009). Furthermore, research by Arimura et al. confirmed the relationship between shift works, medical errors and, mental health within night shift workers, nurses’ mental health status and sleep were approximately poor and significantly increase the medical errors. De Cordova, Bradford & Stone (2016) also did a systematic review of 435 abstracts evidence regarding the work quality and performance errors in the shift workers.

However, according to Selvi et al. conducted a study to assess the psychopathology symptoms caused by the night shift-work and evaluate their impact on the quality of life. The study illustrated that shift-workers were prone to several physical and mental problems due to disruption of the sleep-wake cycle and changes in usual working and social life. physical problems such as cerebrovascular diseases, coronary artery diseases, hypertension, diabetes and other health problems and, mental problems including, depression and anxiety disorders are accompanied by sleepiness, fatigue, and cognitive disorders. All these disorders caused by night shift working which disrupts circadian rhythm where one out of every five workers in Europe are shift-workers and one out of every shift-worker leave their jobs due to difficulties related with this working system, overall affected negatively on their quality of life.

The study found that napping during the night‐shifts’ nurses was highly ranked and, napping is advantageous to improve well‐being, psychomotor attention and performance among the nurses. Øyane et al (2013), designed a cross-sectional self-assessment questionnaires aimed to compare the levels of anxiety, depression, insomnia, sleepiness and fatigue between three nurses’ group (1. no night work experience, 2. current night work 3. previous night work). The main variables: Night Shift– Occupational Adaption. The research articles range between 2007 and 2019. The participants are males and females adults. The night shift workers population is made up of, doctors, nurses, pharmacists, security and management staff) of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital and Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia (Riyadh). Exclusion. That helps us to identify a relationship between factors of night shift work for example workplace environment, hours, and type of employment and other aspects of a human being such as psychological, social, and biological.

The questionnaire including, six open-ended questions regards the qualitative information such as participants’ feelings and experience. Also, the survey includes a Likert rating scale to examine some areas such as occupational performance scaling includes (excellent, satisfied, needs improvement, and poor). Otherwise, questions formulated in 28 close-ended methods to investigate demographics such as gender, performance, and social state. The final version of the questionnaire we have attached as appendices (see Appendix A). Sample selection and conduct study In this study that looked to explore correlation among night shift work and occupational adaptation. Researchers used a non-randomized approach was a convenience sampling is selecting the participants are consecutively in order of appearance according to their availability and accessibility (Martínez et al. The participants recruited from King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz university hospital includes doctors, nurses, pharmacists, therapists, administrators and securities and Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman University staff.

We selected these participants due to their easy accessibility as it is within the campus of the university the study was conducted in. Additionally, most night shift workers were based in in hospitals. Participants gave informed consent prior to participating with a reasonable and understandable language at a reading level appropriate for the participants to use, those under 18 years old not be surveyed, and the contact details of the researchers involved in the consent form if the participants have an inquiry. Analysis and Results 1. Quantitative Analysis and Results An analysis was conducted with the survey results which included 28 questions responded from 20 participants by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS database and using number codes for responses which 1= male, 2= female as well as " Does the night-shift affect your concentration?" number codes are 0= 0 mean not answered 1= yes, 2= no.

Through analysis, we detected that total the participants who missed the answered for each question such as, question the age only one participant missed. Also, one participant missed this question the " night-shift work affect your children care?". We asked about "do you have another job?" only two participants answered yes one said, "I am kept the answer" and the other participant said "study". In questions, we focused on support from two parts which are support from family and support from the work environment in order to know if they have support will reduce the burden of work. So, 17 participants have a supportive work environment and 3 participants do not have a supportive work environment. participants have social support and 6 participants do not have social support. participants received support from who" the mean= 6.

which is emotional support. The aim of the survey is to know the effect of working night shifts on the occupational adaptation, which through survey responses we informing that 13 participants their night-shift work sometimes effects on responsibilities toward their family. participants that have children and only 5 participants from them the night-shift work effects on their children care. participants their night-shift work effect on their family gathering. Consequently, the night-shift worker that their roles and responsibilities influenced by their time work. Thus, this a nonlinear relationship. figure 1: effect the night-shift on mood. figure 2: illustrate the relationship between the hours the night-shift work and the night-shift performance. Table 1: illustrates the performance of the workers at night- shift and day shift. Qualitative Analysis and Results In survey questions, we collected the qualitative data through open-ended questions.

Some quotes are “I become active and increase my productivity in work”. The third question is under theme the health problems which involves the health problems for participants that resulting from night-shift work. Only two of 20 participants have a major problem which is low concentration during the work. Another participant states that has sleep disorder due to irregular hours of sleep and longtime of work at the night. Discussion Night shift work negatively impacts on the workers' occupational adaptation. Otherwise, their duties toward the children minorly affected. In addition, night shift workers suffering from imbalance activities and, limited leisure time participation (Peplinska, Bukowska & Sobala, 2014). And, that agree with the survey findings, participants tend to skip social events and the highest-frequency causes were due to lack of time, schedule and nature of work.

Moreover, the shift work characteristics impacted on worker performance in terms of high errors and, low work performance (Dall’Ora et al, 2016: de Cordova et al, 2016). Arimura, et al. However, those who work in a steady night shift rotation recognized frequent headache, emotional and mental well-being disturbance (Isah et al. On the other hand, regarding to the survey findings the minority of night shift workers reported health-related issues such as low concentration while working and, sleep disorders due to the irregular sleep pattern and where the night shift-workers prone to develop depression and anxiety disorders, fatigue and, cognitive disorders due to disruption of the sleep-wake cycle 55% of the participants reported that night shift affecting their mood negatively (Selvi et al. Finally, this study proves that night shift working affecting the workers quality of life and, occupational adaptation negatively.

Moreover, more research requires to fill the gap and, highlights this issue in Saudi Arabia context aims to enhance night shift workers quality of life which will improve the work productivity within the health institutions to provides the optimum health care. Conclusion The research findings, night shift working has various effects on occupational adaption. Further, some of the respondents had contradicting answers making the interpretation difficult while others skipped some questions limiting our analysis. Finally, most of the studies were confined on nurses only without recognizing other night shift workers. However, there are limited studies in Saudi Arabia that have provided information in regards to the impact of night shifts on workers’ occupation. Therefore, it is recommended that night shift working hours be decreased in order to reduce the problems that most workers experience during their daily activities.

Therefore, in a nutshell, night shift working affects occupational adaptation which causes various problems to shift workers hence lowering the organization’s performance and thus serious reformations need to be done to address the issue. A. Alenazi, A. A. AlAngari, A. M.  Industrial health, 48(6), 811-817. Batak, T. Gvozdenović, L. Bokan, D. Bokan, D. S. Fonseca, M. B. D. Smolensky, M. A. Stone, P. W. Increased errors and decreased performance at night: A systematic review of the evidence concerning shift work and quality. Work, 53(4), 825–834. Stone, P. W. Increased errors and decreased performance at night: A systematic review of the evidence concerning shift work and quality.  Work, 53(4), 825-834. Ferri, P. ‏ Isah, E. C. Iyamu, O. A. Imoudu, G. Richards, K. C. Sleep deprivation and error in nurses who work the night shift. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 44(1), 17-22.

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Does your night-shift affect your responsibilities toward your family?   A. Never    B. Sometimes    C. Always    D. Not applicable   P2. No.    C. Not applicable. P4. Does your night-shift affect your mood?    A. Family.    B. Partner.    C. Your supervisor. Shrinking\reschedule your night-shift hours.    C. Helping you in some of the work tasks.    D. Emotional support.    S2. Do you think your night-shift affect your sleep?   A. Yes.    B. No.    C. S5. Do you make mistakes at work due to tiredness or sleepiness?   A. Yes.    B. Musculoskeletal disorders.    D. Other (please specify).