The Link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Risk Factors

Research shows that T2DM is the most common type of diabetes accounting for about 90 percent to 95 percent of patients with diabetes and it is likely this number will increase to 439 million people globally by the year 2030 (Chen et al. , 2012, p. Statistical data about the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in China show that these diseases are more rampant amid people older than twenty years old in which TIDM accounts for 9. 7 percent and T2DM accounts for 15. 5 percent (Zhang et al. , 2011, p. Statistical evidence from recent studies shows that T2DM has developed complex epidemiological characteristics which make it difficult for its treatment and diagnosis (Wild et al. , 2004, p. Type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to steadily increase its prevalence in developed economies such as Japan and the United States but has also become a severe problem in many developing countries.

It is anticipated that the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus shall continue to increase for the next 20 years in which about seventy percent of diabetic persons will be in developing economies; mostly Asia and Africa, and that most of them will be around 45-65 years old (Wild et al. For instance, for higher concordance rates, 96 percent of T2DM was found in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins (Zhao et al. , 2011, p. However, not all twins involved in this study gave compelling evidence of the significance of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus genetic component. Zhao et al. (2011) found out that about 40 percent of first-degree type 2 diabetes mellitus relatives might acquire type 2 diabetes mellitus with only 6 percent incidence rate. , 2000, p. For instance, sedentary lifestyles, smoking physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption are major lifestyle factors which contribute to the development of T2DM.

Elucidative epidemiological studies have found out that obesity in the United States is the most risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (Cullmann et al. , 2012, p. Obesity may initiate the development of insulin resistance and progression of the disease in a person’s body (Belkina, 2010, p. , 2011, p. Schulze et al. (2004) found out that intake of total and saturated fats increases the risk of developing T2DM independently of BMI (p. On the contrary, this is opposite with the intake of linoleic acid, especially among younger men (Schulze et al. , 2004, p. , 2006, p. A two-stage metagenome-wide connotation survey found out that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients exhibit an average degree of gut microbial dysbiosis with more butyrate-generating bacteria being generated (Nikooyeh et al. , 2011, p. Similarly, the production of other opportunistic pathogens is also increased in the process.

In patients with T2DM, gut microbiota performs the role of enriching membranes, transporting sugars, methane metabolism, transportation of amino acids, butyrate metabolism and biosynthesis of cofactors and vitamins, and reduction of sulphate among other functions (Musso et al. Additionally, through the regulation of calcium flux through membranes of both peripheral insulin-target tissues and β cells, research has demonstrated that there exists a positive statistical correlation between vitamin D and T2DM. In this case, the supplementation of vitamin D is a promising and inexpensive therapy for the control and management of T2DM, and it is expected that this approach may decrease the risk of this epidemic by improving the glycemic parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (Prietl et al. , 2013, p.

Based on these analyses, it is evident that the effect of vitamin D is positively linked to the secretion of insulin effects, sensitivity, and inflammation effects. Vitamin K and T2DM Vitamin K occurs in two natural forms which include menaquinones and phylloquinone (vitamin K1). (2013) suggest that if conducted, physical activity may contribute to about 30-50 percent reduction in the development T2DM since it will help to the chances of developing complications such as obesity and weight gain which contribute significantly to the development of T2DM (Dunkley et al. , 2014, p. Implications Intervention approaches for controlling and managing type 2 diabetes mellitus are mainly focused on passive case-finding approaches in which patients with diabetic symptoms are waited to present themselves at the health facility for diagnosis.

Statistically, Dunkley et al. (2014) have established that about 50 percent of diabetes patients remain undiagnosed globally and that up to 30 percent of the patients develop severe complications before being diagnosed (293). This may be as a result of prolonged exposure to obesity, stress or age advancement. Other studies have shown a lower prevalence of women, and others showed a higher incidence of T2DM in men (Prabhakaran, 2007, p. Hence, gender is not a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and this may be attributed to coexisting risk factors in a specific gender. Currently, in America, the prevalence of the epidemic in young adults aged 40-49 (30%), is bear compared to other age groups 30-39 (9%), and 50-59 years (51%). The high prevalence of the disease among the most productive age groups in society is unacceptable, and this implies that there is a need for urgent interventions to control or prevent this epidemic among young adults.

For instance, Duffey and Popkin (2006) suggest that walking, the simplest form of physical exercise reduces the chance of having type 2 diabetes mellitus by 60% in relative measures (p. Therefore, it is advocated that people should take a walk in their daily engagements for at least 150 minutes per week. Conclusion Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications inflict massive burdens on an individual’s life and the society, but there have been insufficient measures being put in place to cope with this epidemic. Mainly, diabetes is caused by the interaction of both genetic and environmental risks, but other attributable risks may cause diabetes. Although other antidiabetic agents show promising results when used either as monotherapy or a blend of therapies in managing and controlling diabetes, the use of these approaches have also come with other adverse effects on diabetic patients, and this may include weight gain, gastrointestinal effects, cardiovascular diseases, or hypoglycemia.

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