Chronic bronchitis Case study

Chronic bronchitis is also referred to as type B COPD or blue bloater since the skin color turns blue due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen). This disease is observed mostly in overweight people and the ratio of female to male is 1 to 2. Studying of M. K. case history and symptoms indicates that he is suffering from chronic bronchitis, and this disorder is mainly induced by long-term cigarette smoking. has high hematocrit concentration (57%). She has high levels which cause blocking of arteries in the process of atherosclerosis cholesterol, sudden blood clotting, and heart attack. M. K. has been smoking for almost 22 years which most likely lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is common among the U. ’s chronic bronchitis? What type of treatment and recommendations would be appropriate for M.

K. ’s chronic bronchitis? Chronic bronchitis is mainly caused by a smoking cigarette (about 90%), and other factors causing it could be the persistent infection of the airway, genetic issues, and inhalation of irritable materials. This disorder may result in bronchial and mucosa swelling and inflammation which lead to scarring, the wall thickness of bronchial, and pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure). One of the obvious symptoms of this disease is the recurrent productive cough that lasts more than three months of a year for two years back to back (Anzueto, 2004). Which type of heart failure would you suspect with M. K. ? Explain the pathogenesis of how this type of heart failure develops. Include an overview of the disease and its effects on the U.

S. National Health Survey in 2008 reports that more than 9. 8 million Americans are diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. The estimated annual spending money for chronic bronchitis treatment is about $11. 7 billion which $6 billion of the total costs is for hospitalization for patients. It is documented that early detection, reduction of exacerbations, and treatment has psychosocially and economically significant impact on patients’ lives. She also can use some medications to lower her blood pressure such as Diuretics which decrease the vascular volume and cardiac output, beta-adrenergic receptor blocker which blocks the sympathetic nervous system and decrease the cardiac output, ACE inhibitors which inhibits conversion of ANG I to ANG II which decrease vasoconstriction and the production of aldosterone, Calcium channel blockers which decreases the contractibility of smooth muscle and therefore vasoconstriction, and vasodilators which decrease the peripheral resistance.

According to the lipid panel, what other condition is M. K. at risk for? According to this case study, what other medications should be given and why? What additional findings correlate for both hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus? The lipid panel is used to measure the amount of cholesterol and fats called triglycerides in the blood which helps in the prediction of heart diseases, and patient can make some early lifestyle changes to decrease triglycerides and cholesterol. The total cholesterol is an estimation of total cholesterol in the body (for example, bad cholesterol (LDL) plus good cholesterol (HDL). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. There are two types of diabetes, type 1 which is the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin and type 2 which is due to an inability of body response to insulin production.

The risk of severe renal disease and cardiovascular death are increased by hypertension and DM. hypertension is the condition that synchronizes with DM and provokes complications of DM and mortality of cardiovascular. Hypertension is associated with obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and physical inactivity and early diagnosis of hypertension should be essential parts of DM follow up. Deviation from normal HbAc1 designates an abnormal level of glucose in the body that may cause to heart failure. Provide a conclusion that summarizes your findings and discusses the effects of this disease in the U. S. population. Chronic Bronchitis is the cause of inflammation and narrowing of the airways which causes dyspnea due to irregular gas exchange in the airway, and the damage is irreversible. Where the illness is left untreated for long, some people become dependent on their families and friends and may eventually lose their lives.