Human Hormones and their effects

Document Type:Coursework

Subject Area:Biology

Document 1

It is produced by the placenta during pregnancy, ovaries and adrenal gland. The hormone plays an important role in many cells, tissues, and organs in the body but mostly, in the female body. Estradiol hormone is responsible for the growth and development of female reproductive organs such as the cervical glands, vagina, fallopian tubes and endometrium. It is also responsible for the growth of the muscle layers in the womb known as the myometrium (Cabilla et al. The hormone is also responsible for maintaining the eggs in the ovary and hinders some events that may lead to ovulation. The hormone is found in large amounts in the hypothalamus and in the cerebral cortex in the brain and its production is stimulated by ERα and ERβ.

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Estradiol hormone is useful during the menstrual cycle by inhibiting the release of eggs from the ovaries. Follicles found in the ovaries secrete Estradiol hormone which induces ovulation through inhibiting the release of eggs through the release of luteinizing hormone. After ovulation, Estradiol hormone works together with progesterone in preparation of the uterus lining for implantation. Estradiol is responsible for the development of secondary sexual traits in both men and women.  The hormone is found in little quantities in the body and it is useful in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis because of its ability to divert blood to tissues under stress. The hormone mainly functions by binding alpha and beta receptors in various tissues. Generally, Epinephrine hormone is involved in the fight response in humans.

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For instance, when a threat is perceived in the body, a signal is sent to the brain which in turn signals the nerve impulses to the adrenal glands in the kidney (Bear et al. When the nerve signal reaches the adrenal gland, chromaffin cells located in the medulla of the adrenal gland releases the adrenaline hormone. This causes hair to rise on the surface of the skin. Epinephrine hormone binds to beta-2-adrenergic receptors on bronchiole muscle cells found in the lungs. This, in turn, allows the relaxation of the bronchiole cells and enables increased respiration. Consequently, Epinephrine binds to beta-adrenergic receptors found on the heart muscle cells. This causes an increase in the contraction rate in the heart leading to an increase in blood supply to various tissues found in the body.

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Acetylcholine is a chemical compound that comprises acetic acid and choline (Arnsten, 2009). Cholinergic synapses are those in which transmission is mediated by acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is also found in the autonomic nervous system where it is discharged from the terminal of one neuron and it binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of different cells. The activities of acetylcholine within the autonomic nervous system generally affect different systems of the body. For instance, it affects the cardiovascular system by acting as a vasodilator thereby decreasing the heartbeat rate and decreasing contraction in the heart muscle. The signal is carried by nerve fibers to the neuromuscular junctions. The signal is transmitted across this junction by the acetylcholine neurotransmitter, triggering the desired response in those specific muscles.

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Acetylcholine helps in preventing paralysis and other movement disruptions. Acetylcholine is stored in the vesicles at the end of cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction when a nerve impulse arrives at the terminal of a motor neuron. Acetylcholine in the serum promotes direct vascular effects by exerting a direct effect on vascular tone and binding to muscarinic receptors found on vascular endothelium. Endothelium cells respond by increasing the production of nitric oxide which sends a signal to the surrounding smooth muscles to relax causing vasodilatation. Acetylcholine helps in activating skeletal muscles at the neuromuscular junction. A motor neuron generates an action and travels rapidly to the neuromuscular junction where it initiates the electrochemical process.

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