Human anatomy essay

The growth of ordinary cells occurs up to a certain size and then it is forced to stop. Cells continue to grow because growth factors present in the environment of the cell attach to the plasma membrane (Cheng, 2013). The utilization of growth factors by the cell means that cell division is not a necessary process to foster growth. Another characteristic of the cell is homeostasis, Homeostasis is generally the maintaining of a stable environment thus allowing the cell to survive. The survival of the cell is determined by the ability of the cell to maintain a steady environment within itself regardless of the changes that are going on outside it (Thiam, Farese Jr, & Walther, 2013). Production and cell division are both functions that require the utilization of energy.

The energy that cells use up generally takes up the form of adenosine triphosphate. In plants the process of the production of energy is photosynthesis. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and viruses There are differences between viruses, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain ribosomes while viruses lack a nucleus (Hensley, Wasti, & DeBerardinis, 2013). Multi-potent stem cells on the other hand are only capable of differentiating into few types of cells and are found in adults. When cells require to respond to environmental signals or developmental signals, they undergo epigenetic modifications thus giving rise to differentiated cells. Specific genes could be switched on and off depending on the specific genetic modifications that have been carried out on the cells.

Specialization of the cell arises from a sequence of events. Transcription would result in the production of specific strands of nRNA as a result of the switching of specific genes (Cheng, 2013). There are two forms of transportation across the cell membrane. The initial procedure requires energy input from the cell thus giving rise to the active movement (Rizzo, 2015). On the other hand, passive movement would involve component moving in and out of the cell without an energy input from the cell. Another function of the cell membrane involves the maintaining of the cell potential. There are a variety of transport mechanisms that are employed by the cell that also incorporate biological membranes (Hensley, Wasti, & DeBerardinis, 2013). There are three stages involved in the breaking down of food into adenosine triphosphate (Hensley, Wasti, & DeBerardinis, 2013).

Before cells can make use of the nutrients available from the food consumed, they must be broken down into smaller molecules. The nutrients are utilized for two functions which are inclusive of being building blocks to other molecules or a source of energy for carrying out the necessary cell functions. It is essential to note that the process of breakdown focuses on the food from outside rather than the macromolecules that are located inside the cells (Thiam, Farese Jr, & Walther, 2013). There are three stages of enzymatic breakdown, the initial stage involves digestion. The genetic information is stored by the DNA within the nucleus of the cells. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotide chains that forms a structure that is organized and double helix.

The structures are called chromosomes. The formation of the single nucleotide chains results from the synthesis of DNA (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2015). Retrieved from https://www. The formation of proteins occurs because the transfer RNAs link the amino acids together in a chain. It is essential to note that each amino acid has a specific transfer RNA. When it comes to gene expression, there are specialized proteins known as transcription factors that take control the genetic information contained in the genes. Lifestyle such as nutrition habits are in control of the activity of transcription factors (Thiam, Farese Jr, & Walther, 2013). Retrieved from https://chemistry. net/figure/Routes-to-pluripotency-and-their-cell-sources-The-genesis-of-toti-and-pluripotent-stem_fig3_50396307 To distinguish adult stem cells from embryonic stem cells, pluripotency is utilized. This involves the ability of the adult stem cell to only be capable of producing a limited number of stem cells while on the other hand the embryonic stem cells can form any type of cell.

Embryonic stem cells are also capable of indefinitely propagating themselves indefinitely under defined conditions (Hensley, Wasti, & DeBerardinis, 2013). The unlimited capacity for self-renewal of the embryonic stem cells allows for the studies into the cells so that it can be utilized in tissue replacement after injuries as well as regenerative medicine. Pluripotent stem cells could be utilized in the treatment of a variety of diseases such as juvenile diabetes, cancers, diseases that are related to the immune system. How the same genetic information is received by each daughter cell There is a way genetic information is received by each of the daughter cells. The process of mitosis is essential to the way genetic information is received. Whenever chromosomes are replicated, they are attached to a mitotic apparatus.

Then an even partitioning of genetic information is created after the chromosomes are aligned and then separated from the sister chromosomes (Hensley, Wasti, & DeBerardinis, 2013). Daughter cells are then produced after two forms of division, mitotic and cellular division. Therefore, when the repair is done, the production of cells will stop. On the other hand, cells that are cancerous do not stop being produced because of the presence of sufficient cells. The growth of cancerous cells is continuous to the point that a cluster of cells form thus resulting in the formation of a tumor. When it comes to communication, the difference between the cancerous cells and the normal cells is that the normal cells engage in interactions with other cells. The communication is normally essential aspect to notify the cell when to stop growing (Hensley, Wasti, & DeBerardinis, 2013).

org/similarities-between-normal-and-cancer-cells/ There a varying in the traits of the normal cells and the cancerous cells when it comes to their ability to spread. Due to the lack of the sticky substance to hold the cancerous cells in one region of the body, they therefore travel to various areas of the body and cause the formation of tumors in those areas. Normal cells on the other hand remain in the region of the body where they belong. For instance, liver cells would remain in the liver (Shier, Butler, & Lewis, 2015). As for the appearances, there a variety of differences between cancerous cells and normal cells. T. , & DeBerardinis, R. J. Glutamine and cancer: cell biology, physiology, and clinical opportunities. The Journal of clinical investigation , 123 (9), 3678-3684.