Investigating Causes of Pressure Ulcers in Hospitalized Patients

Importance of the study 3 2. OBJECTIVES 4 2. Main objective 4 2. Specific objectives 4 2. Research questions 4 3. Data collection techniques 8 5. Ethical Issues to be observed during the research period 10 6. CONCLUSION 12 7. REFERENCES 13 1. INTRODUCTION 1. One of the major challenges in dealing with bedsores is that some of them are treatable and others become permanent and never heal. as a result, serious interventions needs to be done to come up with appropriate measures and strategies that can prevent such instances as when hospitalized people recover from their original diseases but carry back with them permanent wounds. OBJECTIVES 2. Main objective To determine the causes of pressure ulcers and to find out ways of controlling them 2. Specific objectives 1. Introduction This section presents the review of previous literary works relating to pressure ulcers topic by other various researchers, analysts and authors.

This section incorporates wide range of material such as journals articles, books and magazines have closely related information to the topic of research as well as the objectives of the study. The content of this chapter gives a greater insight on what is already known about pressure ulcer and therefore, it will guide us in knowing what to find out more or to improve in this research. Causes of Pressure Ulcer development In a study to evaluate the microclimate and development of pressure ulcers in a ward in Indonesia, Yusuf (2015) found out those 20 out of 71 participants developed superficial skin changes in a period of 3 days for 15 days of the study. Skin temperature is one of the factors that were found to significantly contribute and accelerate pressure ulcers development.

The extent of the pressure ulcers is also dependent on place of confinement such as a bed or a wheel chair. For patients confined in a wheel chair pressure ulcers occur on the tailbone, shoulder blade and backs of the arms and the legs which are continually in contact with chair. For bed confined patients common sites are the back and sides of the head, the hips, the lower back, shoulder blades, knees and the skins behind the knees and the ankles. In these locations, the most common stages of development are stage I and II. Patients in Neurological departments, the Intensive care Units and the Geriatric unit were found to be more susceptible to developing pressure ulcers due to their state of immobility and inability to receive continued change of position (Jiang et al.

In a study carried out to determine patient characteristics associated with pressure ulcers presence, it was found that there is a significant relationship between nutritional levels, stages of ulcer development, demographics, functional status and patient complications. According to Cox Proportional hazard analysis At least 11. percent of patient with pre-existing pressure ulcers are at a higher death risk as compared to HUPA patients. Mortality increases with prevalence of pressure ulcers as predicted by institutionalization and increased neutrophilia and concurrent infections (Khor et al. RESEARCH DESIGN 4. The primary data sources give the blueprint of the information as it exists in the chosen healthcare centers. The information will be obtained by interviewing the patients who will be notified about the purpose of the research.

The information will also be obtained by interviewing and interacting with healthcare provider professionals regarding their experiences with the matter. The primary data will enable in gathering first hand information which is most reliable especially with the use of records and statistics available in the hospital records. The interviews will be well enhanced by face to face communication, in which the interview questions will be prepares and will contain both open ended questions. The various stages of development of ulcers will be determined from observations and will be relevant in determining the various accelerators of ulcer development at each stage as well as the exposing risk of each stage. Interview transcripts will be prepared to be used as a guide in making clarification and inquires when need arises.

More information and data will be obtained by preparing questionnaires which will be directed to health care providers and also to patient who will be willing to take part in the research (Kottner, Beeckma & Balzer, 2017). Sampling and Sampling Techniques As a way of ensuring reliable data of research project are obtained, it will be important to carry out the research in at least several , say 10 or more health care centers to ensure that the conditions present a diverse nature of the situation. This will involve different levels of healthcare ad types. In this regard, the confidentiality of the respondent shall not be disclosed in whatsoever circumstances in order to make the research successful without any offences or bleach of terms of research.

In this regard, the participants who are the interviewees will be labeled using pseudonyms and the use of will be employed in such a way as to conceal their identity and confidentiality of any sensitive information in order to maintain the respect for fundamental confidential rights (Faith, Egede & Williams, 2018). CONCLUSION The study aims at coming up with data relevant in making decisions and hence strategize to improving the quality of health care in term of reducing the rate of mortality due to pressure ulcers. At the end of the research, it expected that the data obtained will be adequately served to help achieve the various research objectives and finally aid in decision making and finding solution for the problem of pressure soles.

The analysis of the information will provide a great contribution how various hospitalized patients can be handles more safely to help them regain their health without developing further complications as seen with pressure ulcers. Shao, J. Wang, H. Lokhnygina, Y.  Sample size calculations in clinical research. Chapman and Hall/CRC. Research Ethics in Behavioral Interventions Among Special Populations: Lessons From the Peer Approaches to Lupus Self-Management Study.  The American journal of the medical sciences, 355(2), 104-112. General Assembly of the World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.  The Journal of the American College of Dentists, 81(3), 14. M. Tan, J. Saedon, N. I. Kamaruzzaman, S. Beeckman, D. Balzer, K. CORE OUTCOME SETS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH.

In The 19th Annual Meeting of the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP). Sanada, H. Microclimate and development of pressure ulcers and superficial skin changes.  International wound journal, 12(1), 40-46.