HISTORY OF MEDICINE Essay

Greek medicine got introduced to Italy during the military and political contacts developments and establishments between these two countries. Greek medicine effects were applicable in health care and architecture. The Roman physicians mostly depended on natural observations instead of spiritual rituals. Plagues and famines were attributed to punishment, and pacification of their gods through routines was believed to bring such vents. Miasma was thought to be the leading cause of diseases, whether the cause of the illness was plague, war or famine. A medical system for Romans brought the establishment of hospitals. These hospitals were reserved for soldiers and slaves. The poor people medical care was not healthy, leaving the poor people with no option but stick to spiritual aid. Taking a correct diet was considered essential for healthy living.

Food was believed to have a healing effect on a disease. Surgeries were perfumed on criminals who could sometimes be conscious because of the procedure. Illness in the early modern era was thought to be caused by body disturbances. Medicine in the early age faced various challenges as many people became victims to pandemics like syphilis. Drugs and treatment such as bleeding and cupping were used to attempt to ease diseases. Bleeding was used for any ailment (Baron 890). Arguments of science and the dissemination of medical manuals exerted enormous pressure on the people who used to prepare the drugs. Some leaders did acts and created laws that made those who created pills answerable to the medical faculty and forced them to study medicine clearly before they got allowed to practice on their profession.

Medicine in Enlightenment (Physician Jenifer And William Harvey) The enlightenment simply was a movement that acknowledged discoveries through experience. More focus was on improving human life quality instead of living under the belief of the gods. People began thinking of ways that could be explained by the material world and the universe. Other physicians used the lens to examine body organs such as the liver, skin, and brain. These physicians were the first to observe the capillaries, the tiniest blood vessels that circulate through the flesh. In the 17th century, there immerged discoveries in Turkey about the use of immunization, which was discovered by Jenifer. Vaccination is based on a medical fact observation that those who get into contact with any infectious disease survive and get protected against the disease catching up again.

Inoculation was used to fight disease like smallpox, though it was a dangerous process. Most doctors led in surgeries, and they performed researches in comparative anatomy one very significant medical advance that appeared later in the century was vaccination. Vaccination was mainly used to help eradicate the smallpox disease whose method of elimination had was discovered in the 17th century. Injection helped eliminate the disease. Public health and hygiene were highly concentrated in eighth-century suggestions rising concerning fitness legislations, whereas hospitals had been created for various purposes. Scientific thinking which was making steady progress and also advanced in chemical physics and biological sciences converged forming a scientific basis of clinical medicine. Many of 19th-century medicines were intended to perform this task in the late 1880s; cocaine was considered as unharmful in many doses.

Many harmful substances in the early 1990s like lead and mercury were used as drugs. there were very popular and did not require prescriptions. From the time medicine began, many scientists have made their efforts to discover about medicine. According to me Jennifer, the scientists who discovered about innovation performed significant research. Medical traditions performed in early days involve those of Egypt, India, and Babylon. Indians had introduced various thoughts including medicinal diagnosis, medical ethics, and prognosis. in middle ages, surgery practices which came from early masters got enhanced and schematized in the exercise of operation. Though there isn’t a record of herbs were used for medical purposes, use of plants as healing method is ancient. Some of them used clay and soil, geography”.

Though their medication was well-thought-out as supernatural, it developed a practical application of in fields of community health, structure and accurate diagnostics; China is also known to have established a great place of old-style medicine. Most of the viewpoint of outdated medicine was resultant from clarifications of sickness by physicians and reflect the Chinese beliefs that individuals experience principles that are operative in the atmosphere. These contributory values whether material or significant correlate as the expression of countryside command of the creation. In Rome and Greek, temples functioned as centers for medical advice and healing. The Romans created numerous surgical instruments and surgical uses such as cross blade scissors and forceps. He never dissected a human body since Greek and Roman taboos did not accept desertion.

But it then changed in the middle ages. The middle ages, certain empires were involved in medicine. Among them is the Byzantine Empire which was noted aimed at building upon information base established by Greek and Roman antecedents in preservative medicinal performs from ancient times. The Byzantine physicians compiled medical knowledge in books. it also noted that the fluids had to remain balanced for once healthy being. A lot of phlegm for the instant could cause problems in the lungs, and the body usually coughs out the phlegm to restore its balance (Foster, 360). The four humors had involvements with four periods, dark bile autumn, mucus winter, plasma spring, and yellow bile seasonal diets and medicines were involved in achieving a balance of the humors.

Healing mainly included physical and spiritual therapeutics, which means the right herbs clean bedding, a balanced and suitable diet and a sense of care. In the 16th century, human anatomy was discovered. They specialized in the inner working body parts. At the University of Bologna, physician training began in the early 1200s. It attracted students from all over Europe. Taddeo Alderotti recognized the features of well-read Italian medicine then got copied by other institutes. Catholic women also played significant roles in health in modern Europe (Peabody 1868). Nevertheless, weakening in most of the deadly sicknesses was because of the developments in community nutrition plus health than progress in medication. Medication got transformed in the 19th period and afterward due to improvements in equipment, workroom systems, and chemistry.

Advances in bacteriology replaced ideas of infectious disease. In Italy, Agostino Bassi traced the silkworm disease of insects. In Germany, another physician-led in research for yeast and he proposed that microorganisms were responsible for it. The conflict also spurred usage of x-rays, even the process recording the electrical activity of the heart, for the observations of initial body functioning. Removal of infectious disease was a significant exertion, and new vaccines were advanced throughout the after conflict ages, against diseases such the measles. More illnesses are being eradicated, thanks to the made vaccines. Though early success of the introduction of antibacterial drugs and antiviral vaccines was introduced until the 1970s, there has been a response against epidemics of infectious diseases such as HIV.

In particular, these early people used herbs, prayers, or acupuncture to cure their patients. In Egypt, for instance, healers used honey as antiseptic; hence, was ideal in the treatment of wounds. On the contrary, the Ancient Greek medicine embraced the role of physicians who could treat injured soldiers. The skills developed by the Greek physicians directly influenced the course and history of medicine in the West. a. It was during his era that other doctors began to study the case history of patients in order to establish the major cause of such conditions (Singer, Charles & Edgar 3). To make sure they were on the right course, Hippocrates encouraged the medical practitioners to ask as many questions as possible to help them discover the underlying truth from the patients.

The introduction of a two-way interaction between patients and their doctors has remained a major building block of the history of medicine and in modern practice as well. b. Paul of Aegina (625 – 690 AD) Born on the island of Aegina, Paul acquired the title ‘Periodeutis’ which meant a traveling physician in line of his professional duty. The existence of medical information paved way for the ancient medical establishments including modern hospitals initially built by the Christian churches to help in care provision to monks and nuns. c. Paracelsus (1493 – 1541) Paracelsus, initially known as Theophrastus von Hohenheim, was a famous Swiss Physician who practiced both alchemy and astrology. As an individual, Paracelsus contributed to aspects of medical revolution, especially during Renaissance period. He particularly introduced the concept of chemistry into medicine and its practices.

The most important of his collection is the first monograph on miners’ diseases (Borzelleca 3). Even though most of his work remained unpublished for an extended period of time, their revolutionary effects on teaching and handling of chemicals triggered a lot of attention among other scientists. His contribution in the history of medicine is undisputable. He was the herald of toxicology although he hated physicians (Borzelleca 3). More specifically, he is the godfather of modern chemotherapy, a technique used adversely in the detection and management of disease-causing agents without interfering with the human cells. Having previously read from the journals and articles written by former scholars, Banting was the first to propose purification of islet cells’ extract (Tan, Siang & Jason 2). The first experiment to extract insulin occurred at the University of Toronto.

Together with Dr. Charles Best, they began by tying dogs’ pancreas. After sometime, they injected the contents into the veins of a sick dog whose pancreas they had removed. As the founding father of medicine, Hippocrates created an environment in which people would begin understanding infections while disputing chances of demoniac interference. In a society where rituals had prevailed, it required a bold step and proper articulation of facts for people to appreciate the essence of psychiatric conditions. Even though it was tiresome and repulsive, I feel it enlightened a majority of medical practitioners. Amusingly, some of his recommendations have formed part of contemporary policy requirements in the medical fields. Works Cited Borzelleca, Joseph F. "Frederick Banting (1891–1941): Discoverer of insulin. " Singapore medical journal 58.